I have been researching Ashokan edicts in Karnataka for more than a year now. Here are the list of major and minor rock edicts:
Major Rock Edicts
- Kalsi, Uttarakhand
- Dhauli, Odisha
- Jaugada, Odisha
- Girnar, Gujarat
- Sopara, Maharashtra
- Sannati, Karnataka
- Yerragudi, Andhra Pradesh
- Bahapur, Delhi
- Bairat, Rajasthan
- Bhabru, Rajasthan
- Gujarra, Madhya Pradesh
- Rupnath, Madhya Pradesh
- Panguraria, Madhya Pradesh
- Sohgaura, Uttar Pradesh
- Sahasram, Bihar
- Barabar Caves, Bihar
- Rajula-Mandagiri, Andhra Pradesh
- Maski, Karnataka
- Nittur, Karnataka
- Udegolam, Karnataka
- Gavimatha, Karnataka
- Palkigundu, Karnataka
- Brahmagiri, Karnataka
- Jatinga-Rameshwara, Karnataka
- Siddapur, Karnataka
December 25, 2012. This was the 4th day of our 5 day trip to Raichur and Yadgir districts. We had left Raichur by 6AM, stopped at Kavital to visit Tryambakesvara temple, had breakfast and arrived at Maski by 9-30. With help from locals, we found the monument easily.. a kilometer away from the town on Maski-Mudgal road. There it is, a large rock formation behind the tree.
ಮಾಗದ ದೇಶದ ಮೌರ್ಯ ರಾಜನಾದ ಘನವಂತ ಅಶೋಕನು ತನ್ನ ವಿಶಾಲವಾದ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯವನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ರಾಜದಾನಿಯಾದ ಪಾತಲಿಪುತ್ರದಿಂದ (ಬಿಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಈಗಿನ ಪಾಟ್ನ) ಸುಮಾರು ಕ್ರಿ. ಪೂ.273ರಿಂದ ಕ್ರಿ. ಪೂ.238ರ ವರೆಗೆ ಆಳಿದನು.ಪಟ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದ ಎಂಟು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ತರುವಾಯ ಕಳಿಂಗ ದೇಶದ ಮೇಲೆ ದಂಡೆತ್ತಿ ಹೋದನು. ಜಯವೇನೂ ಬಹು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನದಿಂದ ಲಭಿಸಿತು. ಆಸರೆ ಅಸಂಕ್ಯಾತ ಜನರ ನಿರ್ದಯದ ಸಾವು ನೋವುಗಳನ್ನು ಉಳಿದ ಪುರವಾಸಿಗಳ ಕಷ್ಟ ನಷ್ಟಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷವಾಗಿ ನೋಡಿದಾಗ ಅವನ ಹೃದಯ ಕರಗಿ ನೀರಾಗಿ ಹೋಯಿತು. ಆ ಸಂಕಟ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೌಧ ಮತದ "ಆಶೆಯೇ ದುಃಖಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂಲ"ಮುಂತಾದ ತತ್ವಗಳು ಬಹು ಹಿತಕರವಾಗಿ ತೋರಿದವು. ಕೆಲವು ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಬೌಧ ಧರ್ಮಕ್ಕೆ ಮತಾಂತರಗೊಂದನು. ಬೌಧ ಧರ್ಮದ ಪರಮ ಭಕ್ತನಾದ ಇವನು ತನ್ನ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಬಾಷೆ ಮತ್ತು ಲಿಪಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ಘೋಷಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬಂಡೆಗಲ್ಲುಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಕಂಬಗಳ ಮೇಲೂ ಕೊರಿಯಿಸಿದನು.
ಅಶೋಕನ ಅನೇಕ ಧರ್ಮ ಶಾಶನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವನ ಹೆಸರನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಕಿಸಿರುವ ಎರೆಡು ಶಾಶನಗಳು ದೊರೆತಿವೆ. ಮಧ್ಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶ್ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ದತಿಯ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಯ ಗುಜ್ಜಾರ ಎಂಬ ಊರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿಗೆ ಉಪಲಭ್ಯವಾದುದು. ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಈ ಮಸ್ಕಿ ಶಾಶನವು. ಇವು ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ ಲಿಪಿಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ಅವನ ಶಾಶನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬರುವ "ದೇವನಾಂಪ್ರಿಯ" (ದೇವತೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಿಯನು) ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದಿನ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಈ ಶಾಶನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ "ಅಶೋಕನ" ಎಂಬ ವಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಹೆಸರೂ ಉಕ್ತವಾಗಿದೆ.ಆದುದರಿಂದ ಈ ಮಸ್ಕಿ ಶಾಶನವು ಮಹತ್ವವಾದುದು. ಈ ಧರ್ಮ ಶಾಶನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರುವ ವಿಷಯ ಮತ್ತು ಶೈಲಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ರೂಪನಾಥ್ ಮತ್ತು ಸಹಶ್ರಮ ಶಾಶನಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವುದರಿಂದ ಇದು ಅವನ ಆಳಿಕೆಯ 13ನೇ ವರ್ಷ ಕ್ರಿ. ಪೂ. 260ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರ್ಮಿತವಾದ್ದದೆಂದು ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. "ಪರಮಾತ್ಮನ ಅಪಾರ ಕರುಣೆಯು ಉಚ್ಚೆರಿಗೆ ಮಾರುವಂತ ಕೀಳರಿಗೂ ಸಹ ದೊರೆಯುವದೆಂಬುದನ್ನು" ಕೀಳು ಮತ್ತು ಉಚ್ಚ ಜನರಿಗೂ ತಿಳಿಯ ಪಡಿಸುವುದೇ ಈ ಧರ್ಮ ಶಾಶನದ ಉದ್ದೇಶ.
Ashoka, the great Mourya king of Magadha, ruled his vast empire from Pataliputra (modern Patna-Bihar) between Circa 273 BC to 238 BC. He embraced Buddhism eight years after his coronation immediately after the conquest of Kalinga involving ruthless massacre and deportation of thousands of human beings. As an ardent devotee he propagated Buddhism by engraving his proclamations on rocks and pillars in regional scripts and dialects then prevailing in the country in the boundaries of his empire. Among the many edicts (the other being the one recently discovered at Gujarra in Datia district of Madhya Pradesh) Written in Brahmi script, where in Ashoka is mentioned by his personal name besides his usual title of "Devanam Priya" (the beloved of he gods) resembling both in style and contents to the Roopanath and Sahasram edicts. This edict is assignable to the 13th beignal year of Ashoka (in Circa 260 BC).
The purport of the edicts is that the persons exalted and lowly, should be told that the immense heavenly bliss is not only to be attained by exalted but it may even be a lowly, whoever chooses to exert himself.
Compared to Koppal inscriptions, etching seems deeper here at Maski. The letters are easily visible.
Like the Rupnath, Sahasram and Bairat edicts Maski is also a damaged version which was discovered on 27th January 1915 by C Beadon, a gold mining engineering in the neighborhood of Maski, a village in Lingsugur taluq of Raichur district of the Nizam's dominion about 46 miles West-SW from Raichur. C BEadon sent a message to Rao Bahadur H Krishna Sastri in Archeaological Survey of India (ASI). then J Fleet and B L Rice also visited the place and published in Royal Asiatic Society (RAS).
Since Ashoka's inscription was found near Maski, it must have been a notable town. Maski was an important place because it was the capital of many dynasties.
Evolution of the name Maski: Mosangi > Mosagi > Mosgi > Masgi > Maski
The name was spelt differently by different communities; Masgi or Masigi by illetrate agriculturists, Maski by Brahmans and Masgi by Muslims.
In the Chalukyan inscription of the time of Jayatekamalla in Saha 949 its called "Rajadhani Priya - Mosagi" i.e. the royal residence of great Mosagi. Another inscription by the same king of the village Brahmapuri of Mosagi. A later record of the Yadav king Singhana of 13th century calls the place again "Rajadhani Priya - Mosagi." In two other inscriptions of this place belonging to the reigns of Achyutaraya and Sadasivaraya, its name is mentioned as Mosage, the chief town of Mosage-nadH Krishna Sastri gave a careful transcript and translation of Maski inscription (with plates) in Hyderabad Archealogical Series No.1: The New Ashokan Edict of Maski 1915.
The cavern in which the inscribed boulder stand is formed by a huge rock resting at various points of its periphery on other smaller ones, some of which are partly buried in the gravelly soil below. The boulder, which is a block of crystalline grey granite of irregular shape stand at the southern entrance into the cavern, with the writing facing inwards. The surface of the boulder has peeled off at various places sometimes right into the depth to which the letters was incised and measures roughly 8' 9" by 5'. The chief interest of the Maski inscription consists of the fact that the king is not only called Devana Priya but also Asoka - a name which was hitherto known only from Buddhist litreature and Puranas.
Transcription:
Translation:
A proclamation of Devanampriya Ashoka. He orders thus: more than 2½ years have passed since I am a upasaka. A year or more back (I was not very zealous). I am devotedly attached to Buddhists clergy. I am after visiting the Sangha. In that period (formally in Jambudhipa those Gods did not mingle with people with people are mingling now.It can be achieved by the low born also if they are very much associted with dharma. Gods are not connected only to the (uda) high class people but also can be achieved by (khudake0 poor man. cavataviya - it is told that both. if you follow my proclamation both can achieve the goal. If you follow this it is going to go o increasing abd become everlasting.
As we were about to leave, a local lad turned up. We got introduced, his name is Prashant Devreddy Achappanavar, a PUC I student. He had come here to read his college book in peace. He told us about the recently discovered prehistoric skeletal remains on this hill. I asked if he knows the spot, he wasn't sure, said its high up in the hill. then he told us about a protected monument close to this place, a mound just behind Devanam Priya college on the outskirts of Maski. We asked him he could show us.. yes :)
Here's a video of the edict and the protected mound.
